The Advantages of Microservices |
An examination of current literature on its application in companies
| Journal | Industry 4.0 Science |
| Issue | Volume 41, 2025, Edition 1, Pages 50-59 |
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Abstract
Keywords
Article
Microservices as a software architecture concept are receiving a great deal of attention in computer science and business administration [1, 2, 3]. They are frequently the object of publications and searches and have been successfully used at some large and well-known companies such as Netflix and Amazon [4]. An architecture paradigm such as that of microservices must ultimately also pass a business assessment before being widely used in the productive economy.
Scientific publications cite an economic advantage, although empirical studies to prove this and some of its other advantages are still lacking [5, 6, 7]. A first step in this direction is to explore and classify the potential advantages of microservice architecture. This article questions which of the operating principles previously defined by research justify the productive use of microservices. The aim is to create a list of the operating principles of microservice architecture that prove to be advantageous. Subsequently, further research can provide a qualified assessment of the aforementioned operating principles.
Microservices are understood as a software architecture. At the center of this architecture is a software complex that appears as one single unit from a business perspective. Technically, however, the individual functions of the software are mapped in individual, functionally self-contained service units. These units or services are distributed across various infrastructure facilities [8]. The services are addressed via API interfaces and are thus connected and available in a network [9, 10]. It makes sense to operate the infrastructure in the form of shared computer resources, known as the “cloud”, instead of local, dedicated computers [11].
Software architecture describes a bundle of rules and properties that are used to build a software structure [12]. The term ‘operating principle’ describes a technical process that is suitable for achieving an objective, including the way in which the objective is achieved [13]. The advantage results from the correspondence between technical objectives and business requirements.
Questions
The advantages of distributed systems, which include microservice architecture, must always be measured against the disadvantages, such as latency. Only when the advantages outweigh the disadvantages can we speak of a particular advantage of microservices. Therefore, an overview of possible advantages is required. There are only a few approaches to this in the literature: in [14], for example.
The following questions thus arise for this article:
- Which operating principles are known regarding the benefits of microservice architecture?
- Is there a quantitative assessment of the operating principles?
- How can the as yet unevaluated operating principles of microservices be quantitatively assessed?
Methods and approach
To examine this article’s hypotheses and questions, a structured literature analysis is carried out. This involves counting how often each operating principle is mentioned, followed by an evaluation with regard to quantitative measured values. The subsequent discussion serves as an impetus for further considerations regarding feasibility and practicability. The guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement were followed when conducting the structured literature analysis. The PRISMA statement replaced the QUOROM statement in 2009 and has established itself as the recommendation for expert methodology [15]. Authors such as Jan vom Brocke also recommend a structured literature analysis [16].
Published specialist articles with the term “microservices” in their title are taken into account. The following restrictions are applied:
- Actuality: Only articles published in 2022 will be considered. The evaluation should primarily include reports of practical experience with systems that have already been implemented.
- Relevance: Only articles in the field of computer science or business administration will be considered.
- Scientific practice: Only articles that have undergone peer review or an alternative review process, such as editing, will be considered.
- Language: Only articles written in English, French, German or Spanish can be considered.
- Access: Only articles that were available in the relevant databases at the time of study can be analyzed. These are: ACM Digital Library, IEEE Xplorer, SpringerLink, Scopus, Science Direct, Wiley.
In order to be able to summarize advantages that are described in different ways, an overview is compiled in advance from selected specialist literature, namely that which has a high number of reviews or a high rating [8, 17, 18]. The microservice advantages described there are recorded in a white list. These principles are those considered safe to be assigned to microservice architecture. Additional principles mentioned in the specialist literature are included in a gray list. A syntactic summary was made here.
The procedure can be broken down and described as follows:
- Selection of dedicated specialist literature
- Creation of the white list
- Comparison of the articles with the white list
- Creation of the gray list
Using the keywords “Microservice”, “microservice”, “micro-service”, “Micro Service”, “Micro-Service”, “Microservice-Architecture”, “Microservice architecture”, and “Microservice Architecture”, the publications in the aforementioned databases were evaluated. In total, 85 articles were identified to which the keywords applied, considering the restrictions mentioned. These articles were subject to a more detailed analysis. The procedure of the present systematic literature analysis takes into account the PRISMA standard [19].
The following search criteria were used to select the published articles:
- Term in the title and/or content: “Microservice”, as well as “Microservice architecture”, and similar spellings
- Date of publication: 2022
- Language: English, German, French, Spanish
- Type of publication: Technical article
- Discipline: Computer Science, Business Administration
- The selection resulted in a total of 79 specialist articles.
The white list contains the following benefits and active principles:
- Software is easier to create [17].
- Software is easier to understand [17].
- Software is easier to develop further [17].
- Microservices allow different technologies and program versions (e.g. in Java) [8].
- Changing a microservice has no influence on other microservices [17].
- Microservices have their own data management sovereignty [8].
- The microservice can be installed or distributed independently of other services [17].
- Microservices are easier to replace [18].
- The integration of old systems (legacy systems) does not require any adjustments to the command lines [18].
- A microservice can be scaled independently of other microservices [18].
Results: Individual scalability stands out as an advantage of microservices
Which operating principles are relevant with regard to the benefits of microservice architecture?
Of the 79 remaining specialist articles [21-100], 28 advantages were mentioned. Individual scalability was listed most frequently as an advantage of using microservices. Figure 1 shows the distribution of the frequency with which the advantages were listed.
The operating principles already listed in the literature could be found to a large extent in the selected specialist articles. Furthermore, the articles listed additional benefits that had not yet been addressed in the previously analyzed specialist literature.
It is noticeable that in most cases no conclusive list of the advantages of microservice architecture was included in the specialist articles. As a result, it is unclear whether the authors only listed the advantages relevant to the article or all those known to the authors.
Quantitative assessment of the operating principles
The following operating principles were described in the analyzed literature and in some cases quantitative assessments were made. These are shown in Figure 2.
As 28 advantages were listed, the quantitative evaluation is low, with only 5 key figures across all the specialist articles evaluated. Some benefits are not represented at all. Furthermore, not all of the key figures collected are congruent with the benefits listed above.
How can the unevaluated operating principles attributed to the microservice be quantitatively assessed?
The analyzed literature offered some clues on how to quantitatively evaluate and compare the other named benefits:
- Maximum number of requests per minute [27]
- Response time of a request (processing time) [27]
- Number of queries answered [27]
- Availability in time units of one hundred in which the application is responsive [27]
- Memory consumption [81]
- Resource allocation [81]
- Accuracy of responses to queries [81]
- Compilation time [70]
- Execution time for database operations [70]
However, there are still benefits that have not been substantiated by key figures.
For a conclusive comparison of the advantages of microservice architectures and of monolithic systems, the criteria listed so far are not sufficiently described and backed up with key figures. This applies to specific, described comparison programs as well as to general assessments.
Quantitative methods to further investigate the benefits needed
In order to close the evaluation gap, it is advisable to collect further key figures. Figure 3 could make the advantages of microservices listed so far measurable. However, the effectiveness of these key figures has not been proven or tested by the literature examined.
As the advantages of microservice architecture have only been named, there is room for various interpretations (Figure 4).
This results in the need for a clear description of the advantages of microservice architecture. Furthermore, quantitative measurement methods are required to justify the advantages over other software architectures. This study only used the specialist articles examined as a basis for evaluation. It cannot therefore be ruled out that other advantages exist that justify the introduction of a microservice architecture.
Nevertheless, further research is required before well-founded decisions can be made. For example, the disadvantages of microservice architecture must also be identified. Furthermore, the authors believe that a literature analysis is not sufficient for identifying the advantages associated with microservice architectures. Empirical analyses (surveys, interviews, etc.) should also be carried out.
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Solutions: Safety
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