State-of-the-art risk assessments either overestimate or underestimate both probability and impact of quality risks. Misleading assessments can be avoided by modeling quality risks as conflicts instead of defects. Refocusing requires a transition from production approaches to interaction approaches covering several clusters of relevant actors in quality management. Customer involvement e.g. as a co-producer not only supports customer satisfaction and retention but also reduces producers’ costs since risk identification becomes more valid and risk sharing is enabled.
Efficiency and Productivity of Research and Development 
