{"id":93395,"date":"2018-12-15T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2018-12-15T12:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/?post_type=article&#038;p=93395"},"modified":"2024-04-16T16:15:55","modified_gmt":"2024-04-16T14:15:55","slug":"the-appropriate-degree-of-autonomy-in-cyber-physical-production-systems","status":"publish","type":"article","link":"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/en\/articles\/the-appropriate-degree-of-autonomy-in-cyber-physical-production-systems\/","title":{"rendered":"The Appropriate Degree of Autonomy in Cyber-Physical Production Systems"},"content":{"rendered":"<hr>\n<div class=\"gito-pub-content-bibliography\">\n<h2>Bibliography <\/h2>\n[1] ten Hompel, M.; Liekenbrock, D.: Autonome Objekte und selbst organisierende Systeme. Anwendung neuer Steuerungsmethoden in der Intralogistik. In: Industrie Management 21 (2005) 4, S. 15-18.<br \/>\n[2] Veigt, M.: Entwicklung eines Cyber-Physischen LogistiksystemS. In: Industrie Management 29 (2013) 1, S. 15-18.<br \/>\n[3] Gronau, N.: Der Einfluss von Cyber-Physical Systems auf die Gestaltung von Produktionssystemen, Industrie Management 31 (2015) 3, S. 16-20.<br \/>\n[4] acatech (ed.): Cyber-Physische Systeme. Innovationsmotor f\u00fcr Mobilit\u00e4t, Gesundheit, Energie und Produktion (acatech POSITION). Heidelberg 2011.<br \/>\n[5] Gronau, N.: Wandlungsf\u00e4higkeit in Produktion und Logistik, Productivity Management 2 (2014), S. 23-26.<br \/>\n[6] Gronau, N.; Theuer, H.: Determination of the optimal degree of autonomy in a cyber-physical production system. Procedia CIRP 57 (2016), S. 110-115<br \/>\n[7] Gronau, N.: Determinants of an Appropriate Degree of Autonomy in a Cyber-physical Production System. Procedia CIRP 52 (2016), S. 1-5.<br \/>\n[8] Luck, M.; d\u2019Inverno, M.: A Formal Framework for Agency and Autonomy. In: Procs First International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems. AAAI 1995.<br \/>\n[9] van der Vecht, B.: A Dynamic Coordination Mechanism Using Adjustable Autonomy. In: Sichman, J.; Noriega, P.; Padget, J.; Ossowski, S. (Hrsg): International Workshops on Coordination, Organizations, Institutions, and Norms in Agent Systems III, COIN 2007: &#67;&#79;&#73;&#78;&#64;&#65;&#65;&#77;&#65;&#83; 2007 and &#67;&#79;&#73;&#78;&#64;&#77;&#65;&#76;&#76;&#79;&#87; 2007, 3-4 September 2007, Durham., S. 83-96.<br \/>\n[10] Windt, K.: Autonomy in production logistics: Identification, characterization and application. Robot Comput Integr Manuf (2007), doi:10.1016\/j.rcim.2007.07.008.<br \/>\n[11] Gronau, N.; Theuer, H.: Industrie 4.0 in Europa \u2013 Ein Vergleich Europ\u00e4ischer Initiativen In: Industrie Management 5 (2015), S. 31-34.<br \/>\n[12] H\u00fclsmann, M.; Windt, K.: Understanding Autonomous Cooperation and Control in LogisticS. Berlin Heidelberg 2007.<br \/>\n[13] Scholz-Reiter, B., G\u00f6rges, M., &amp; Philipp, T. (2009). Autonomously controlled production systems \u2014 Influence of autonomous control level on logistic performance. CIRP annals 58.1 (2009): 395-398.<br \/>\n[14] Dashkovskiy et al. 2011: Modeling and stability analysis of autonomously controlled production networks. In: Logist. Res. (2011) 3:145\u2013157 DOI 10.1007\/s12159-011-0049-6<br \/>\n[15] Windt K, et al. Autonomy in production logistics: Identification, characterisation and application. Robot Comput Integr Manuf (2007), doi:10.1016\/j.rcim.2007.07.008<br \/>\n[16] Armbruster, D., et al. \u201cAutonomous control of production networks using a pheromone approach.\u201d Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its applications 363.1 (2006): 104-114.<br \/>\n[17] Karimi, Hamid Reza, Neil A. Duffie, and Sergey Dashkovskiy. \u201cLocal Capacity H\u221eControl for Production Networks of Autonomous Work Systems With Time-Varying Delays.\u201d IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering 7.4 (2010): 849-857.<br \/>\n[18] Caridi, M. &amp; Cavalieri, S. (2004) Multi-agent systems in production planning and control: an overview, Production Planning and Control, 15:2, 106-118, DOI: 10.1080\/09537280410001662556<br \/>\n[19] Theuer, H.; Gronau, N.; Lass, S.: The Impact of Autonomy on Lean Manufacturing SystemS. In: Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Flexible &amp; Intelligent Manufacturing (FAIM 2013). Porto 2013.<br \/>\n[20] Rother, M.; Shook, J.: Learning to See: Value Stream Mapping to Add Value and Eliminate MUDA. Lean Enterprise Institute Cambridge 1999.<br \/>\n[21] Gronau, N.; Grum, M.; Bender, B.: Determining the optimal level of autonomy in cyber-physical production systemS. Industrial Informatics (INDIN), 2016 IEEE 14th International Conference on. IEEE 2016.<br \/>\n[22] Lass, S.; Theuer, H.; Gronau, N.: A New Approach for Simulation and Modeling of Autonomous Production ProcesseS. In: Proceedings of the 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 2012). Maui, Hawaii 2012.<br \/>\n[23] Gronau, N.; Theuer, H.; Lass, S.: Evaluation of Production Processes using Hybrid Simulation. In: Windt, K. (Hrsg): Robust Manufacturing Control, Lecture Notes in Production Engineering. Berlin Heidelberg 2013.<br \/>\n[24] Lass, S.: Simulationskonzept zur Nutzenvalidierung cyber-physischer Systeme in komplexen Fabrikumgebungen. PhD thesis Potsdam University 2017.<\/div>\n<div id=\"download-section\" class=\"gito-pub-download-section\" style=\"text-align:center;margin:20px;\">\n<h2>Your downloads<\/h2>\n<p><button style=\"font-size:14px;margin-right:15px;\" class=\"button gito-pub-cpt-download-button\" data-postid=\"93395\" data-userid =\"0\" data-filename=\"gronau_Der-angemessene-Grad-von-Autonomie-in-Cyber-Physischen-Produktionssystemen_IM-2018-6.pdf\"><span style=\"margin-top:5px !important;\" class=\"dashicons dashicons-download\"><\/span>&nbsp;&nbsp;PDF<\/button><\/div>\n<div class=\"gito-pub-tags-social-share\" style=\"display:flex;justify-content:space-between;\"><div>Tags: <span class=\"gito-pub-tag-element\"><a href=\"\/tag\/autonomy\/\">autonomy<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"gito-pub-tag-element\"><a href=\"\/tag\/calculation-method\/\">calculation method<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"gito-pub-tag-element\"><a href=\"\/tag\/cyber-physical-system\/\">cyber-physical system<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"gito-pub-tag-element\"><a href=\"\/tag\/production-system\/\">production system<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"gito-pub-tag-element\"><a href=\"\/tag\/simulation-en\/\">Simulation<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"gito-pub-tag-element\"><a href=\"\/tag\/simulation\/\">Simulation<\/a><\/span> <\/div><div><div class=\"social-icons share-icons share-row relative\" ><a href=\"whatsapp:\/\/send?text=The%20Appropriate%20Degree%20of%20Autonomy%20in%20Cyber-Physical%20Production%20Systems - https:\/\/industry-science.com\/en\/articles\/the-appropriate-degree-of-autonomy-in-cyber-physical-production-systems\/\" data-action=\"share\/whatsapp\/share\" class=\"icon button circle is-outline tooltip whatsapp show-for-medium\" title=\"Share on WhatsApp\" aria-label=\"Share on WhatsApp\"><i class=\"icon-whatsapp\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/industry-science.com\/en\/articles\/the-appropriate-degree-of-autonomy-in-cyber-physical-production-systems\/\" data-label=\"Facebook\" onclick=\"window.open(this.href,this.title,'width=500,height=500,top=300px,left=300px'); 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return false;\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"icon button circle is-outline tooltip linkedin\" title=\"Share on LinkedIn\" aria-label=\"Share on LinkedIn\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\"><i class=\"icon-linkedin\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><hr style=\"margin-top:0px;\">\n<h2 class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-headline\">You might also be interested in<\/h2>\n<!-- GITO_PUB_POST start flex-container -->\n<div class=\"gito-pub-flex-container\">\n   <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card gito-pub-flex-item gito-pub-flex-item-1\">\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/en\/articles\/maki-digital-assistant-learning\/\">\n         <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-row\">         <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-column gito-pub-frontend-post-card-column-image\">\n            <picture>\n               <source media=\"(max-width:640px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Resch_AdobeStock_1899117052_onephoto-copie-2-640x325.webp\">\n               <source media=\"(min-width:641px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Resch_AdobeStock_1899117052_onephoto-copie-2-196x180.webp\">\n               <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-image\" src=\"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Resch_AdobeStock_1899117052_onephoto-copie-2-196x180.webp\" alt=\"MAKI\u2014A Digital Assistant for Practice-Based Learning\">\n            <\/picture>\n         <\/div>\n            <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-column\">               <div class=\"ellipsis\" style=\"height:166px !important;overflow:hidden;\" title=\"MAKI\u2014A Digital Assistant for Practice-Based Learning\">                  <table class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-header\">\n            \t     <tr>\n                        <td>                  \t\t   <h4 class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-title\" style=\"line-height:1.2em;\">MAKI\u2014A Digital Assistant for Practice-Based Learning<\/h4>\n                        <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-subtitle\">Why every factory is a learning factory<\/div>                        <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-author\"><a href=\"\/authors\/olaf-resch-en\/\">Olaf Resch<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7292-3571\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"ORCID eintrag \u00f6ffnen.\" rel=\"noopener\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/assets\/vectors\/orcid.logo.icon.svg\" alt=\"ORCID Icon\" style=\"width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:middle;\"><\/a><\/div>\n                        <\/td>\n                     <\/tr>\n                  <\/table>\n                  <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-text\">\n                     <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-abo-sign gito-pub-login-register-link\" data-targetabo=\"expert\" data-targeturl=\"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/en\/articles\/maki-digital-assistant-learning\/\" title=\"please login or register - content can only be read in its entirety with a subscription  expert\">\n\t\t\t                         <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/gito-publisher\/img\/i4s-login.png\">\n\t\t\t                      <\/div>With the help of digital assistants, academic teaching is possible in any factory. In order to achieve the best learning effects, however, the interests of all stakeholders must be taken into account. The factory wishes to deploy its employees quickly and productively, the learners desire a positive learning experience, and the educators want to illustrate abstract concepts in a meaningful and practical way. The only way to combine all of these perspectives is via a well-thought-out educational concept and highly functioning technology.                  <\/div>\n               <\/div>\n               <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-scientific\"><strong>Industry 4.0 Science<\/strong> | Volume 42 | 2026 | Edition 2 | Pages 70-77<\/div>            <\/div>\n         <\/div>\n      <\/a>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card gito-pub-flex-item gito-pub-flex-item-1\">\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/en\/articles\/learning-factories-future-brazil\/\">\n         <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-row\">         <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-column gito-pub-frontend-post-card-column-image\">\n            <picture>\n               <source media=\"(max-width:640px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/AdobeStock_521020784_Gorodenkoff-640x325.webp\">\n               <source media=\"(min-width:641px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/AdobeStock_521020784_Gorodenkoff-196x180.webp\">\n               <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-image\" src=\"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/AdobeStock_521020784_Gorodenkoff-196x180.webp\" alt=\"Learning Factories for the Future of Manufacturing in Brazil\">\n            <\/picture>\n         <\/div>\n            <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-column\">               <div class=\"ellipsis\" style=\"height:185px;overflow:hidden;\" title=\"Learning Factories for the Future of Manufacturing in Brazil\">                  <table class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-header\">\n            \t     <tr>\n                        <td>                  \t\t   <h4 class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-title\">Learning Factories for the Future of Manufacturing in Brazil<\/h4>\n                        <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-subtitle\">Advancing manufacturing through technology and skills development<\/div>                        <\/td>\n                     <\/tr>\n                  <\/table>\n                  <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-text\">\n<div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-abo-sign gito-pub-login-register-link\" data-targetabo=\"expert\" data-targeturl=\"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/en\/articles\/learning-factories-future-brazil\/\" title=\"please login or register - content can only be read in its entirety with a subscription  expert\">\n\t\t\t                         <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/gito-publisher\/img\/i4s-login.png\">\n\t\t\t                      <\/div>\nManufacturing firms in developing countries face challenges in closing productivity gaps while adopting Industry 4.0 technologies. Learning factories are one helpful approach to countering these challenges. One such example is the learning factory F\u00e1brica do Futuroin S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil, which has engaged students, supported competence development, and collaborated with industry in applied research, functioning as a hub for advanced manufacturing initiatives.                  <\/div>\n               <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n         <\/div>\n      <\/a>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card gito-pub-flex-item gito-pub-flex-item-1\">\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/en\/articles\/energy-transition-serious-gaming\/\">\n         <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-row\">         <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-column gito-pub-frontend-post-card-column-image\">\n            <picture>\n               <source media=\"(max-width:640px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/AdobeStock_423992056_BullRun-640x325.webp\">\n               <source media=\"(min-width:641px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/AdobeStock_423992056_BullRun-196x180.webp\">\n               <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-image\" src=\"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/AdobeStock_423992056_BullRun-196x180.webp\" alt=\"Serious Gaming and the Energy Transition\">\n            <\/picture>\n         <\/div>\n            <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-column\">               <div class=\"ellipsis\" style=\"height:166px !important;overflow:hidden;\" title=\"Serious Gaming and the Energy Transition\">                  <table class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-header\">\n            \t     <tr>\n                        <td>                  \t\t   <h4 class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-title\" style=\"line-height:1.2em;\">Serious Gaming and the Energy Transition<\/h4>\n                        <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-subtitle\">Collaborative knowledge generation and interactive understanding of complex interrelationships<\/div>                        <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-author\"><a href=\"\/authors\/janine-gondolf\/\">Janine Gondolf<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5644-8328\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"ORCID eintrag \u00f6ffnen.\" rel=\"noopener\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/assets\/vectors\/orcid.logo.icon.svg\" alt=\"ORCID Icon\" style=\"width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:middle;\"><\/a>, <a href=\"\/authors\/gert-mehlmann\/\">Gert Mehlmann<\/a>, <a href=\"\/authors\/joern-hartung\/\">J\u00f6rn Hartung<\/a>, <a href=\"\/authors\/bernd-schweinshaut\/\">Bernd Schweinshaut<\/a>, <a href=\"\/authors\/anne-bauer\/\">Anne Bauer<\/a><\/div>\n                        <\/td>\n                     <\/tr>\n                  <\/table>\n                  <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-text\">\n                     Conveying the complexity and multifaceted nature of the energy transition to a broad audience is a challenge. This article demonstrates how interactive serious games on a multitouch table can help make connections tangible and comprehensible. The games and the table were used in various conversational contexts. These are presented here in three case vignettes based on participant observation of the different applications, as well as situated and shared reflection. The vignettes demonstrate how interaction can trigger epistemic processes, enable shifts in perspective, and foster collective thinking, all of which are necessary for shaping the future of society as a whole.                  <\/div>\n               <\/div>\n               <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-scientific\"><strong>Industry 4.0 Science<\/strong> | Volume 42 | 2026 | Edition 2 | Pages 62-69<\/div>            <\/div>\n         <\/div>\n      <\/a>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card gito-pub-flex-item gito-pub-flex-item-1\">\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/en\/articles\/learning-module-sustainable\/\">\n         <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-row\">         <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-column gito-pub-frontend-post-card-column-image\">\n            <picture>\n               <source media=\"(max-width:640px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/AdobeStock_289023545_Gorodenkoff-640x325.webp\">\n               <source media=\"(min-width:641px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/AdobeStock_289023545_Gorodenkoff-196x180.webp\">\n               <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-image\" src=\"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/AdobeStock_289023545_Gorodenkoff-196x180.webp\" alt=\"Industrial Transformation via a Machining Learning Factory\">\n            <\/picture>\n         <\/div>\n            <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-column\">               <div class=\"ellipsis\" style=\"height:166px !important;overflow:hidden;\" title=\"Industrial Transformation via a Machining Learning Factory\">                  <table class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-header\">\n            \t     <tr>\n                        <td>                  \t\t   <h4 class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-title\" style=\"line-height:1.2em;\">Industrial Transformation via a Machining Learning Factory<\/h4>\n                        <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-subtitle\">A learning module to foster competencies for a sustainability-driven transformation<\/div>                        <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-author\"><a href=\"\/authors\/oskay-ozen\/\">Oskay Ozen<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5566-6633\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"ORCID eintrag \u00f6ffnen.\" rel=\"noopener\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/assets\/vectors\/orcid.logo.icon.svg\" alt=\"ORCID Icon\" style=\"width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:middle;\"><\/a>, <a href=\"\/authors\/victoria-breidling\/\">Victoria Breidling<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0384-4813\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"ORCID eintrag \u00f6ffnen.\" rel=\"noopener\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/assets\/vectors\/orcid.logo.icon.svg\" alt=\"ORCID Icon\" style=\"width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:middle;\"><\/a>, <a href=\"\/authors\/stefan-seyfried\/\">Stefan Seyfried<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8278-0212\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"ORCID eintrag \u00f6ffnen.\" rel=\"noopener\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/assets\/vectors\/orcid.logo.icon.svg\" alt=\"ORCID Icon\" style=\"width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:middle;\"><\/a>, <a href=\"\/authors\/matthias-weigold\/\">Matthias Weigold<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7820-8544\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"ORCID eintrag \u00f6ffnen.\" rel=\"noopener\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/assets\/vectors\/orcid.logo.icon.svg\" alt=\"ORCID Icon\" style=\"width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:middle;\"><\/a><\/div>\n                        <\/td>\n                     <\/tr>\n                  <\/table>\n                  <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-text\">\n                     Sustainability-enhancing transformation processes are necessary in all sectors if we are to remain within planetary boundaries. This also applies to the industrial sector as a significant emitter of greenhouse gases. Employees need new competencies to master this complex task of industrial transformation. These range from CO2 equivalents accounting to the development and evaluation of transformation scenarios, including technical measures. The learning module developed here addresses these competency requirements and uses the example of the ETA factory to show how a competency-oriented learning module for industrial transformation can be structured. It essentially comprises four phases: data collection and CO2 equivalents accounting, cause analysis, development of measures and evaluation of measures.                  <\/div>\n               <\/div>\n               <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-scientific\"><strong>Industry 4.0 Science<\/strong> | Volume 42 | Edition 2 | Pages 38-47 | DOI <a style=\"font-weight:bold !important;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30844\/I4SE.26.2.38\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10.30844\/I4SE.26.2.38<\/a><\/div>            <\/div>\n         <\/div>\n      <\/a>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card gito-pub-flex-item gito-pub-flex-item-1\">\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/en\/articles\/digital-twins-production-logistics\/\">\n         <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-row\">         <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-column gito-pub-frontend-post-card-column-image\">\n            <picture>\n               <source media=\"(max-width:640px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/AdobeStock_1784362718_Andrey-Popov-640x325.webp\">\n               <source media=\"(min-width:641px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/AdobeStock_1784362718_Andrey-Popov-196x180.webp\">\n               <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-image\" src=\"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/AdobeStock_1784362718_Andrey-Popov-196x180.webp\" alt=\"Experiencing Digital Twins in Production and Logistics\">\n            <\/picture>\n         <\/div>\n            <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-column\">               <div class=\"ellipsis\" style=\"height:166px !important;overflow:hidden;\" title=\"Experiencing Digital Twins in Production and Logistics\">                  <table class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-header\">\n            \t     <tr>\n                        <td>                  \t\t   <h4 class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-title\" style=\"line-height:1.2em;\">Experiencing Digital Twins in Production and Logistics<\/h4>\n                        <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-subtitle\">The fischertechnik\u00ae Learning Factory 4.0 as a development platform for possible expansion stages<\/div>                        <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-author\"><a href=\"\/authors\/deike-gliem\/\">Deike Gliem<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8098-334X\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"ORCID eintrag \u00f6ffnen.\" rel=\"noopener\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/assets\/vectors\/orcid.logo.icon.svg\" alt=\"ORCID Icon\" style=\"width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:middle;\"><\/a>, <a href=\"\/authors\/sigrid-wenzel\/\">Sigrid Wenzel<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9594-1839\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"ORCID eintrag \u00f6ffnen.\" rel=\"noopener\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/assets\/vectors\/orcid.logo.icon.svg\" alt=\"ORCID Icon\" style=\"width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:middle;\"><\/a>, <a href=\"\/authors\/jan-schickram\/\">Jan Schickram<\/a>, <a href=\"\/authors\/tareq-albeesh\/\">Tareq Albeesh<\/a><\/div>\n                        <\/td>\n                     <\/tr>\n                  <\/table>\n                  <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-text\">\n                     The fischertechnik\u00ae Learning Factory 4.0 has proven to be a suitable experimental environment for testing digital twins. Depending on the targeted maturity stage, the functions of a digital twin range from status monitoring and forecasting to the operational control of production and logistics systems. To systematically classify these functions, this article presents a maturity model that serves as a framework for the development of a digital twin. Building on this, selected use cases are implemented in a test and development environment based on a system architecture with multi-layered logic structure. These initial implementations serve to highlight application purposes, relevant methods, and typical challenges and potentials in the transfer to real factory environments.                  <\/div>\n               <\/div>\n               <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-scientific\"><strong>Industry 4.0 Science<\/strong> | Volume 42 | Edition 2 | Pages 30-37 | DOI <a style=\"font-weight:bold !important;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30844\/I4SE.26.2.30\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10.30844\/I4SE.26.2.30<\/a><\/div>            <\/div>\n         <\/div>\n      <\/a>\n   <\/div>\n   <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card gito-pub-flex-item gito-pub-flex-item-1\">\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/en\/articles\/collaborative-robots-production\/\">\n         <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-row\">         <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-column gito-pub-frontend-post-card-column-image\">\n            <picture>\n               <source media=\"(max-width:640px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/wienzek-640x325.jpg\">\n               <source media=\"(min-width:641px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/wienzek-196x180.jpg\">\n               <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-image\" src=\"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/wienzek-196x180.jpg\" alt=\"Collaborative Robots in Production Environments\">\n            <\/picture>\n         <\/div>\n            <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-column\">               <div class=\"ellipsis\" style=\"height:166px !important;overflow:hidden;\" title=\"Collaborative Robots in Production Environments\">                  <table class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-header\">\n            \t     <tr>\n                        <td>                  \t\t   <h4 class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-title\" style=\"line-height:1.2em;\">Collaborative Robots in Production Environments<\/h4>\n                        <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-subtitle\">Employee qualification and acceptance for human-machine interaction<\/div>                        <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-author\"><a href=\"\/authors\/tobias-wienzek-en\/\">Tobias Wienzek<\/a>, <a href=\"\/authors\/mathias-cuypers\/\">Mathias Cuypers<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2384-8085\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"ORCID eintrag \u00f6ffnen.\" rel=\"noopener\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/assets\/vectors\/orcid.logo.icon.svg\" alt=\"ORCID Icon\" style=\"width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:middle;\"><\/a><\/div>\n                        <\/td>\n                     <\/tr>\n                  <\/table>\n                  <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-text\">\n                     The introduction of new technologies poses a major challenge, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). At the same time, SMEs must rise to this challenge in order to keep pace technologically and economically. Employee acceptance is an important factor in ensuring that both the introduction and the long-term use of a technology are successful. At the same time, the introduction process also has a central influence on acceptance in the long term. This article uses the implementation of collaborative robotics as an example for examining such an introduction process, identifying the key factors that influence employee acceptance and the important role played by advanced employee training. It serves to highlight how the introduction process and employee training are seamlessly interlinked.                  <\/div>\n               <\/div>\n               <div class=\"gito-pub-frontend-post-card-scientific\"><strong>Industry 4.0 Science<\/strong> | Volume 42 | 2026 | Edition 2 | Pages 14-21 | DOI <a style=\"font-weight:bold !important;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30844\/I4SE.26.2.14\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10.30844\/I4SE.26.2.14<\/a><\/div>            <\/div>\n         <\/div>\n      <\/a>\n   <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- GITO_PUB_POST end flex-container -->\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Existing factories face multiple problems due to their hierarchical structure of decision making and control. Cyber-physical systems principally allow to increase the degree of autonomy to new heights. But which degree of autonomy is really useful and beneficiary? This paper differentiates diverse definitions of autonomy and approaches to determine them. Some experimental findings in a lab environment help to answer the question raised in this paper.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":96619,"menu_order":0,"template":"","categories":[79167,4713,79168,79298],"tags":[68778,76683,76021,69088,80214,68587],"product_cat":[],"topic":[67617,67701],"technology":[67717],"knowhow":[],"industry":[],"writer":[80397],"content-type":[],"potential":[],"solution":[],"glossary":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-93395","1":"article","2":"type-article","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"category-design-en","7":"category-translate","8":"category-translate-en","9":"category-typeset","10":"tag-autonomy","11":"tag-calculation-method","12":"tag-cyber-physical-system","13":"tag-production-system","14":"tag-simulation-en","15":"tag-simulation","16":"topic-adaptability","17":"topic-production-system","18":"technology-simulation-en","19":"writer-norbert-gronau-en","20":"product","21":"first","22":"instock","23":"downloadable","24":"virtual","25":"sold-individually","26":"taxable","27":"purchasable","28":"product-type-article"},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/gronau_Der-angemessene-Grad-von-Autonomie-in-Cyber-Physischen-Produktionssystemen_IM-2018-6-1400x788.jpg",1400,788,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/gronau_Der-angemessene-Grad-von-Autonomie-in-Cyber-Physischen-Produktionssystemen_IM-2018-6-1400x788-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/gronau_Der-angemessene-Grad-von-Autonomie-in-Cyber-Physischen-Produktionssystemen_IM-2018-6-1400x788-666x375.jpg",666,375,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/gronau_Der-angemessene-Grad-von-Autonomie-in-Cyber-Physischen-Produktionssystemen_IM-2018-6-1400x788-768x432.jpg",768,432,true],"large":["https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/gronau_Der-angemessene-Grad-von-Autonomie-in-Cyber-Physischen-Produktionssystemen_IM-2018-6-1400x788-1024x576.jpg",1020,574,true],"front-page-entry":["https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/gronau_Der-angemessene-Grad-von-Autonomie-in-Cyber-Physischen-Produktionssystemen_IM-2018-6-1400x788-1032x320.jpg",1032,320,true],"post-entry":["https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/gronau_Der-angemessene-Grad-von-Autonomie-in-Cyber-Physischen-Produktionssystemen_IM-2018-6-1400x788-764x376.jpg",764,376,true],"post-teaser":["https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/gronau_Der-angemessene-Grad-von-Autonomie-in-Cyber-Physischen-Produktionssystemen_IM-2018-6-1400x788-392x320.jpg",392,320,true],"post-teaser-mobile":["https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/gronau_Der-angemessene-Grad-von-Autonomie-in-Cyber-Physischen-Produktionssystemen_IM-2018-6-1400x788-608x496.jpg",608,496,true],"post-custom-size":["https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/gronau_Der-angemessene-Grad-von-Autonomie-in-Cyber-Physischen-Produktionssystemen_IM-2018-6-1400x788-640x325.jpg",640,325,true],"whitepaper-teaser":["https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/gronau_Der-angemessene-Grad-von-Autonomie-in-Cyber-Physischen-Produktionssystemen_IM-2018-6-1400x788-274x376.jpg",274,376,true],"card-big":["https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/gronau_Der-angemessene-Grad-von-Autonomie-in-Cyber-Physischen-Produktionssystemen_IM-2018-6-1400x788-514x292.jpg",514,292,true],"card-portrait":["https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/gronau_Der-angemessene-Grad-von-Autonomie-in-Cyber-Physischen-Produktionssystemen_IM-2018-6-1400x788-320x440.jpg",320,440,true],"card-big-company":["https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/gronau_Der-angemessene-Grad-von-Autonomie-in-Cyber-Physischen-Produktionssystemen_IM-2018-6-1400x788-514x289.jpg",514,289,true],"gp-listing":["https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/gronau_Der-angemessene-Grad-von-Autonomie-in-Cyber-Physischen-Produktionssystemen_IM-2018-6-1400x788-196x180.jpg",196,180,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/gronau_Der-angemessene-Grad-von-Autonomie-in-Cyber-Physischen-Produktionssystemen_IM-2018-6-1400x788.jpg",1400,788,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/gronau_Der-angemessene-Grad-von-Autonomie-in-Cyber-Physischen-Produktionssystemen_IM-2018-6-1400x788.jpg",1400,788,false],"woocommerce_thumbnail":["https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/gronau_Der-angemessene-Grad-von-Autonomie-in-Cyber-Physischen-Produktionssystemen_IM-2018-6-1400x788-510x510.jpg",510,510,true],"woocommerce_single":["https:\/\/industry-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/gronau_Der-angemessene-Grad-von-Autonomie-in-Cyber-Physischen-Produktionssystemen_IM-2018-6-1400x788-510x287.jpg",510,287,true],"woocommerce_gallery_thumbnail":["https:\/\/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Brocks","author_link":"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/en\/author\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"Existing factories face multiple problems due to their hierarchical structure of decision making and control. Cyber-physical systems principally allow to increase the degree of autonomy to new heights. But which degree of autonomy is really useful and beneficiary? This paper differentiates diverse definitions of autonomy and approaches to determine them. Some experimental findings in a&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article\/93395","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/article"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/96619"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=93395"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=93395"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=93395"},{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=93395"},{"taxonomy":"topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic?post=93395"},{"taxonomy":"technology","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/technology?post=93395"},{"taxonomy":"knowhow","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/knowhow?post=93395"},{"taxonomy":"industry","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/industry?post=93395"},{"taxonomy":"writer","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/writer?post=93395"},{"taxonomy":"content-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content-type?post=93395"},{"taxonomy":"potential","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/potential?post=93395"},{"taxonomy":"solution","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/solution?post=93395"},{"taxonomy":"glossary","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/industry-science.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary?post=93395"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}